Printing a Door Sensor for Smart Home Applications

Center Console Concept 2013

Guang Zhou City Silver Well trading Co.,ltd. Is a professional high-tech enterprises: automotive electronics, medical electronics, biological sensors, CTP touch screen, smart appliances, RFID and other manufacturers to provide one-stop technology and material supply solutions. My company is a number of the United States, Germany, Japan, South Korea's well-known brands in China's sole agent. Customers always enjoy the best quality products and technical services. Division I and the original factory to establish a wide range of research and development and technical cooperation, can be customized for customer special materials R & D.
Main products currently on the market most products competitive advantage: photosensitive silver paste, laser silver pulp, tensile resistance (Extended) conductive silver paste, automatic control temperature PTC printable inks, conductive silver paste for low temperature, pressure sensing ink, Bio Medical silver chloride electrode slurry, defibrillator AED electrode silver paste, transparent conductive ink, conductive carbon paste, UV insulating oil and other high-end functional materials.
Products are widely used in CTP touch screen, medical bio sensor, automotive electronics, smart wearable electronics and other industries.
If demand please contact the relevant materials:Guang Zhou City Silver Well trading Co.,ltd.
Cell 86-13922125860
E-mail:laiqiangping2010@163.com
www.gzyinbiao.com

tvbs2013年報導-意得客超導熱電器- Heatact 電熱元件

可印刷PTC导电油墨

                    PTC printable inks

传统的柔性加热通过使用电线和碳油墨实现，这可能是麻烦和具有挑战性的过去式的技术。

我司代理海外进口的可印刷PTC油墨的配方是满足新的技术要求而改进，利用独特的阻抗技术和功能在电子印刷行业的应用。提供一种简化的替代传统铝箔和铜线技术工艺。

PTC油墨温度可自调节，因此温度不会超过其设定点。使用传统的柔性加热技术，电压和温度之间存在线性关系，通常需要控制单元来调节温度，并使用熔断器来防止过热。然而， PTC油墨在电压和温度之间具有非线性关系，确保没有过热，并且不需要保险丝，使温度将不会上升到其设定点以上。PTC油墨具有多种优势，包括快速均匀加热，自调节，与传统柔性加热方案相比重量减轻，以及环境稳定性，长寿命，低功耗和减少浪费和可持续性，降低成本等均有优势。我司的PTC油墨技术应用可能性是无穷无尽的，为所有需要大热类型的产品开辟了新的可能性。但早在汽车产品如后视镜和挡风玻璃，需要冷凝控制的远程摄像头，智能冰箱，空调等电子消费品，墙壁加热以及座椅加热器等方面已经取得了成功。

如有以上相关资材需求请联系：

广州市银标贸易有限公司

Guang
Zhou City Silver Well trading Co.,ltd.‍

 手机：86-13922125860，QQ:598362644 

E-mail: laiqiangping2010@163.com

E-mail: laiqiangping2015@gmail.com

更多产品资讯请关注：www.gzyinb​​iao.com

PTC printable inks(可印刷PTC导电油墨)

可印刷PTC导电油墨

         PTC printable inks

传统的柔性加热通过使用电线和碳油墨实现，这可能是麻烦和具有挑战性的过去式的技术。

我司代理海外进口的可印刷PTC油墨的配方是满足新的技术要求而改进，利用独特的阻抗技术和功能在电子印刷行业的应用。提供一种简化的替代传统铝箔和铜线技术工艺。

PTC油墨温度可自调节，因此温度不会超过其设定点。使用传统的柔性加热技术，电压和温度之间存在线性关系，通常需要控制单元来调节温度，并使用熔断器来防止过热。然而， PTC油墨在电压和温度之间具有非线性关系，确保没有过热，并且不需要保险丝，使温度将不会上升到其设定点以上。PTC油墨具有多种优势，包括快速均匀加热，自调节，与传统柔性加热方案相比重量减轻，以及环境稳定性，长寿命，低功耗和减少浪费和可持续性，降低成本等均有优势。我司的PTC油墨技术应用可能性是无穷无尽的，为所有需要大热类型的产品开辟了新的可能性。但早在汽车产品如后视镜和挡风玻璃，需要冷凝控制的远程摄像头，智能冰箱，空调等电子消费品，墙壁加热以及座椅加热器等方面已经取得了成功。

如有以上相关资材需求请联系：

广州市银标贸易有限公司

Guang Zhou City Silver Well trading Co.,ltd.‍

 手机：86-13922125860，QQ:598362644 

E-mail: laiqiangping2010@163.com

E-mail: laiqiangping2015@gmail.com

更多产品资讯请关注：www.gzyinb​​iao.com

Henkel’s Flexible Heaters for Underfloor Heating and Seat Heating Applic...

Guang Zhou City Silver Well trading
Co.,ltd.‍ Is a professional high-tech enterprises: automotive electronics,
medical electronics, biological sensors, CTP touch screen, smart appliances,
RFID and other manufacturers to provide one-stop technology and material supply
solutions. My company is a number of the United States, Germany, Japan, South
Korea's well-known brands in China's sole agent. Customers always enjoy the
best quality products and technical services. Division I and the original
factory to establish a wide range of research and development and technical
cooperation, can be customized for customer special materials R & D.

Main products currently on the market most
products competitive advantage: photosensitive silver paste, laser silver pulp,
tensile resistance (Extended) conductive silver paste, automatic control
temperature PTC carbon paste, conductive silver paste for low temperature,
pressure sensing ink, Bio Medical silver chloride electrode slurry,
defibrillator AED electrode silver paste, transparent conductive ink,
conductive carbon paste, UV insulating oil and other high-end functional
materials.

Products are widely used in CTP touch
screen, medical bio sensor, automotive electronics, smart wearable electronics
and other industries.

If demand please contact the relevant
materials:Guang Zhou City Silver Well trading Co.,ltd.‍

Cell 86-13922125860

E-mail:laiqiangping2010@163.com

www.gzyinbiao.com

PTC加热器

PTC Heater
The Positive Temperature Coefficient heaters better known as PTC heaters or Carbon PTC are known for their self-regulating features. They are characterized by their capacity to operate at a nearly constant temperature over a broad range of voltage and dissipation conditions.

What do PTC heaters offer?

 has been producing PTC heaters for over 20 years with our own formula mixture. Circuit traces can be made of either silver or aluminum. Our experience has given us the capacity to manufacture these heaters in many different configurations. This includes options such as connecting multiple Carbon PTCs in parallel to provide constant heating over large areas.

In most cases the polymer resistor is printed across the entire heater and hence gives a very even temperature distribution. The PTC effect makes the heater self-limiting and hence hot and cold spots are avoided. The printed polymer heaters are also more corrosion resistance than metal heaters.

Benefits and applications of Backer Heating Technologies Carbon PTC heaters

If demand please contact the relevant materials:Guang Zhou City Silver Well trading Co.,ltd.‍

Cell 86-13922125860

E-mail:laiqiangping2010@163.com

www.gzyinbiao.com

PTC加热器
正温度系数加热器更好地称为PTC加热器或碳PTC因其自调节特性而闻名。它们的特征在于它们在宽范围的电压和耗散条件下在接近恒定的温度下工作的能力。

PTC加热器提供什么？

 已经生产PTC加热器超过20年，我们自己的配方混合物。电路迹线可以由银或铝制成。我们的经验使我们能够制造这些加热器在许多不同的配置。这包括诸如并联连接多个碳PTC以在大面积上提供恒定加热的选项。

在大多数情况下，聚合物电阻器被印刷在整个加热器上，因此给出非常均匀的温度分布。 PTC效应使加热器自限制，从而避免了热点和冷点。印刷的聚合物加热器也比金属加热器更耐腐蚀。

背板加热技术的优点和应用碳PTC加热器

Conductive Compounds

Markets for conductive inks
While the membrane-switch industry is mature with much less growth than it once had, other applications for functional, conductive inks have been commercialized, and newer applications continue to be explored. Some of the other existing and new applications include disposable medical sensors such as EKG, EEG, and blood glucose sensors; electroluminescent panels; thin, flexible antennas; flexible, self-regulating heaters; bus bars for touchscreens; heater elements for glass windows; collector grids for solar panels; and plastic films molded into 3D shapes.
Disposable medical sensors represent one of the largest and fastest growing segments of the printed-electronics industry. These devices are printed much in the same way as membrane switches, with two or three separate layers of functional inks and graphic inks on the reverse side of the device. They use mixtures of silver and silver/silver-chloride inks that interact with an applied gel material to detect trace electrical signals on the surface of the skin produced by either the contraction of heart muscles (ECG or EKG sensor), or the firing of neuron networks in the brain (EEG sensor). While some sensors are printed using flatbed screen printing, more applications are being pushed to rotary screen or gravure-type printing processes as volumes increase and costs are reduced. 
A word of caution when working with silver chloride inks: Silver chloride is sensitive to light and will react with most metals. A good manufacturing method is to use yellow-filtered light over work areas and to use non-metal flood bars and mesh when using these inks. 
While most uses for disposable medical sensors remain clinical, there is a lot of activity within the industry to develop integrated medical sensors and devices for the consumer market that can be used to monitor heart rates during exercise and for home use by patients with heart problems.
Disposable blood-glucose sensors are a simple circuit of a conductive ink that has a small amount of a special enzyme on it. When a drop of blood is placed in contact with the enzyme, a complicated, three-stage chemical reaction takes place, leaving a chemical that can then be measured by the blood-glucose-sensing device to determine how much glucose is in the blood. These blood-glucose-sensing units can now be purchased off the shelf in pharmacies and other retail stores by people with diabetes or those who want to measure blood-glucose levels as part of an exercise or diet program.
Electroluminescent (EL) panels (Figure 2) are not a new technology, and it seems as if the technology has struggled for years to gain acceptance into large, sustainable applications. The devices are a thin, flexible light panel that activates with the application of AC current. They have been used in cell phones, as automotive dash-panel or back lighting, as wearable displays, and in point-of-purchase advertising displays. Construction of an EL panel is similar to a membrane switch, but involves different materials. 
The vast majority of EL panels are made by screen printing. The printer first deposits a layer of specialty phosphor ink onto a polyester (PET) film layer that has a thin layer of indium tin oxide (ITO) deposited onto it. Next, a layer of dielectric ink is carefully printed onto the phosphor-ink layer. This dielectric ink acts as a capacitor to gather the electrical energy and fire it more uniformly into the phosphor layer. Finally, a back electrode of either silver or carbon ink is printed onto the dielectric ink. The conductive ink is also used to print conductive bus bars around the perimeter of the circuit to more evenly distribute electricity to the panel. EL-panel manufacturing continues to be a significant market segment, but it is somewhat threatened by recent developments of easier to print light panels made using complex phosphor materials that can operate on low DC current.
Thin, flexible, conductive antennas for cell phones and RFID applications (Figure 3) can be printed using conductive inks. With the high cost of silver and limitations of conductive, functional inks with respect to conductivity, the use of these inks is somewhat limited to certain segments of the antenna market. Up until about five years ago, some sources suggested that the market for conductive, functional inks for making printed antennas would be in excess of $100 million per year. Rapidly rising silver costs and limited conductivity pushed most of this technology over to stamped, thin metal foils and other methods of manufacturing. However, there are still several companies worldwide that continue to use silver inks for making flexible antennas.
Printed, flexible, self-regulating heaters (Figure 4) may be one of the areas of high growth in printed electronics over the next several years. Conventional heaters for applications such as automotive mirrors and seats require the use of a resistive heater (metal wires in the case of seats) that are regulated, temperature wise, by a thermocouple device. The thermocouple measures the heater temperature and sends an appropriate signal to increase or decrease electricity to the heater to maintain temperature. 
One of the problems with these heaters is that if the thermocouple circuit were to fail, the device could have runaway heating. A printed, flexible heater uses a carbon-based Positive Thermal Coefficient (PTC) ink. When low voltage is applied to the heater, the PTC warms up until it reaches a temperature range of between 60-75°C. At this point, the polymer in the ink expands sharply, pulling the carbon particles further apart and effectively shutting of the flow of electricity through the heater. Once the heater cools slightly, the polymer shrinks and the device begins conducting once more. Manufacturing PTC heaters usually involves only two steps: printing silver-ink bus bars on the edges of the circuit and then overprinting a pattern using PTC ink.
Using conductive, functional inks for bus bars on touchscreens has been around for quite some time, but as these devices continue to evolve, there is a push to get printing technology that will allow for thinner ink traces. Current technology allows for traces to be printed as low as 100 μm, and the industry continues to push the envelope to get even thinner traces. There are some claims of lines as thin as 30 μm wide being printed using specialty meshes and tightly controlled printing processes.
Heater grids for glass windows and solar-panel collector grids both use a version of silver functional inks referred to as fired inks. These inks contain a fine-particle glass frit and a polymer base that has a low ash content when burned off. After printing and drying off the solvent, the substrate is put into a high-temperature oven and heated as high as 800°C. During this heating process, the polymer binder is burned off completely and the glass frit melts and causes the silver to sinter and form a solid layer of conductive metal. 
This technology has been used by manufacturers of integrated automotive-glass heaters for many years. It has been more recently adopted for use in solar panels. Thin traces of silver-frit ink are printed over the length of the solar-cell face. These traces collect the electricity generated by the interaction of sunlight with the photovoltaic cell. A unique feature of the inks used in this application is that the ink has to be able to print a relatively thin trace but maintain thickness so that conductivity is maximized to allow the conductive grid to pull electricity away from the solar cell more efficiently. 
The catch-22 is that when a conductive trace is printed at greater widths to minimize resistance along the length of the trace, the trace’s shadowing effect increases, blocking sunlight from reaching the solar cell. The inks must also be able to tunnel into the top layer of the semiconductor wafer used in the solar cell without breaching the layer completely. Frit inks for solar-panel manufacturing represent a very large market, and research continues to find new ways to make these inks work more efficiently with the cells.
Printing conductive inks onto flat substrates and then forming the substrate into 3D shapes (Figure 5) with heat and pressure, while maintaining the conductive ink traces, is a technology that has been demonstrated for quite some time. Recently, some applications, particularly automotive, have been driving the use of thermoformable, conductive-ink technology (Figure 6) to integrate electrical circuitry into dash panels, headliners, and other interior components of cars. Integrating circuitry onto the back side of molded plastic parts presents some opportunities for new design considerations, reducing manufacturing costs, and improving reliability. This technology represents a potentially very large opportunity within printed electronics.
Conductive, functional inks continue to provide good, value-added business for printers looking to expand into the growing printed-electronics market. With some knowledge of the chemistry behind these inks and an understanding of the technical requirements of the specific applications, the sky’s the limit.

Don Banfield, Conductive Compounds

If demand please contact the relevant materials:Guang Zhou City Silver Well trading Co.,ltd.‍

Cell 86-13922125860

E-mail:laiqiangping2010@163.com

www.gzyinbiao.com

Conflux PTC Heater 1

自控温PTC碳浆少量样品，有需要的客户从速来电。产品广泛用于汽车后视镜，座椅加热，新能源汽车电池保温，康复理疗，家电除霜，宠物保温垫，新品研发等。欢迎来电咨询：13922125860赖R

Enfucell Printed Battery Powering Golf Sensor, Temperature Sensors and More

Guang Zhou City Silver Well trading Co.,ltd.是一家专业为高新技术企业：汽车电子，医疗电子、生物传感器，CTP触摸屏，智能家电，RFID等制造企业提供一站式技术及材料供应解决方案。我公司是多家美国、德国、日本、韩国知名品牌在中国区唯一代理商。客户一直享受最优质的产品和技术服务。我司与原厂建立广泛的研发及技术合作，可为客户专案订制材料研发。

公司主营目前市场上最具竞争优势产品有：感光银浆，激光银浆，可拉伸导电银浆，自控温PTC碳浆,低温导电银浆，QTC压力传感油墨，医疗生物电极氯化银浆，透明导电油墨，导电碳浆，UV绝缘油等高端功能材料。

产品广泛适用于CTP触摸屏、医疗生物传感、汽车电子、智能穿戴电子等行业。

如有相关资材需求请联系：Guang Zhou City Silver Well trading Co.,ltd.

 手机：86-13922125860，E-mail: laiqiangping2010@163.com

Printable electronics is an innovative area of technology with great commercial potential

 new in-mold electronic inks enable circuits to be printed directly onto plastic substrates, and allow touch controls, such as electronic buttons, switches and slides, to be readily integrated in applications such as home appliances and automobiles

 USA  Santa Clara, Calif.  New materials include conductive inks for wearable and in-mold electronics, and materials that can be processed at very high or low temperatures, expanding the range of applications in the growing printed electronics field.  DuPont experts also will share their views on the industry and enabling technologies in three key technical forums during the event.  These initiatives are consistent with DuPont’s aim to continue expanding its product offering and leadership position in the printed electronics market.

New prototypes for wearable electronics, including a sensing headband, gaming gloves, shoe insole, and biometric shirt; all made using  stretchable electronic ink materials. The inks provide a manufacturing-ready alternative to traditional methods of embedding electronics in clothing and are used to create thin, form-fitting circuits that can be seamlessly bonded with many standard fabrics.  New inks for wearable electronics being introduced this year include  sensor materials, conductor materials with improved stretch, and encapsulant with improved printability.

A new suite of in-mold electronic inks designed to help streamline electronic devices by reducing the need for rigid circuit boards.  These inks enable circuits to be printed directly onto plastic substrates, and allow touch controls, such as electronic buttons, switches and slides, to be readily integrated in applications such as home appliances and automobiles.  An in-mold electronics demonstration highlighting capacitive touch under high humidity will be on display in DuPont’s booth and on Demonstration Street, an area at Printed Electronics USA dedicated to showing working products using printed electronic technologies.

New low-temperature inks that cure quickly at temperatures as low as 60°C, opening up the possibility for printed electronics designers to use less expensive plastic films.

Guang Zhou City Silver Well trading Co.,ltd.‍

 手机：86-13922125860，QQ:598362644 

E-mail: laiqiangping2010@163.com

E-mail: laiqiangping2015@gmail.com

供应：PTCInk

PTC stands for Positive Temperature Co-efficient, an inherent characteristic of a selected material. It means that the electric resistance of the said material increases with the increase of the temperature as shown in Figure 1.

PTC films refers to such films with the desirable PTC characteristic and inks used to form these such films, are referred to as PTC Inks.

PTC films are generally used as heating elements which mainly provide infra-red radiation to the environment which are known as PTC heating films.

我司系一家供应进口功能材料及技术服务供应商，专业为汽车电子，充电电桩，医疗电子，智能家电等科技型制造企业提供一站式技术及材料供应解决方案，        我公司是多家美国、德国、日本、韩国知名品牌在中国区唯一代理商。客户一直享受最优质的产品和技术服务。我司与原厂建立广泛的研发及技术合作，可为客户专案订制材料研发。

公司主营目前市场上最具竞争优势产品有：激光镭射银浆，可拉伸导电银浆，可拉伸UV绝缘油，可拉伸氯化银浆，PTC温控碳浆，常温固化导电银浆，QTC压力传感油墨，医疗电极氯化银浆， AED除颤电极银浆，透明导电油墨，UV绝缘油，环氧罐封胶，马达胶水，快干胶水，三防漆等高端功能材料。

产品广泛适用于CTP触摸屏、医疗生物电极、可穿戴电子，汽车电子，充电电桩，智能电子等行业。

如有相关资材需求请联系：

Guang Zhou City Silver Well trading Co.,ltd.‍

 手机：86-13922125860，QQ:598362644 

E-mail: laiqiangping2010@163.com

E-mail: laiqiangping2015@gmail.com

Distinguished from other regular heating elements whose electric resistances are relatively constant, a PTC heating film is capable of controlling the temperature itself, by regulating its heating power via its electric resistance response to temperature.

The science behind this self-regulation is based on the principal of the Ohm Law: [I = V/R, and P=I*V =V*V/R, where I is current, V is Voltage, R is Resistance, P is power).

At low temperatures, its resistance is lower, so its heating power is larger resulting in the temperature quickly increasing. While the temperature increases, its resistance rises as well and therefore decreasing its heating power at the same time.

During a short period and certain temperature, its heating power decreases to point where it simply balances the energy loss of the system, maintaining a constant.

In our proprietary PTC film, the PTC characteristics are scientifically achieved by controlling the distance between conducting domains (particles of carbon black mostly) through the designed thermal expansion of the polymeric binder employed in our PTC inks in nano-scale and in quantum fashion.

At a lower temperature (below Tg), the polymer chains are mainly frozen. Their thermal expansion is limited, so the carbon particles are closer to each other which offers high conductivity (low resistivity).

When the temperature increases, polymer chains start to move and stretch and when the temperature approaches its Tg, its expansion increases dramatically, so does the distance between carbon particles, thus as a result, the conductivity quickly decreases (resistivity quickly increases), so does its heating power.

The heating PTC film can be simply treated as an intelligent heating element, and its initial resistivity (R0) is expressed in ohm per square (Ω/◊).

Depending on the application, the effective electric resistance (W) of the final heating element can be achieved via outlaying these squares in a designed pattern.

As demonstrated in the figure, the overall heating power is function of N*V2/R0, so it can be easily manipulated by selecting any parameter of applied voltage, the overall number (N) of square in parallel, and the initial resistivity (R0).

Under optimization, the resistivity of our proprietary PTC film is designed to be around 10K (Ω/◊). In this case, each square regardless of its dimension  can be viewed as a resistor of 10K, so the overall heating power can be expressed as P = N*V2/10000.

If a voltage of 110V is applied, then the overall heating power is simply expressed as P110 = 1.21N. That is to say, in a given area of any designed dimension, this PTC film would yield an initial heating power P110 = 1210 Watt if 1000 (N=1000) equivalent squares are patterned in parallel.

Of course, this heating power will automatically adjusted in response to temperature, the lower temperature, the higher the heating power.  In theory, any heating power for a given area can be designed

PTC stands for Positive Temperature Co-efficient, an inherent characteristic of a selected material. It means that the electric resistance of the said material increases with the increase of the temperature as shown in Figure 1.

PTC films refers to such films with the desirable PTC characteristic and inks used to form these such films, are referred to as PTC Inks.

PTC films are generally used as heating elements which mainly provide infra-red radiation to the environment which are known as PTC heating films.

Distinguished from other regular heating elements whose electric resistances are relatively constant, a PTC heating film is capable of controlling the temperature itself, by regulating its heating power via its electric resistance response to temperature.

The science behind this self-regulation is based on the principal of the Ohm Law: [I = V/R, and P=I*V =V*V/R, where I is current, V is Voltage, R is Resistance, P is power).

At low temperatures, its resistance is lower, so its heating power is larger resulting in the temperature quickly increasing. While the temperature increases, its resistance rises as well and therefore decreasing its heating power at the same time.

During a short period and certain temperature, its heating power decreases to point where it simply balances the energy loss of the system, maintaining a constant.

In our proprietary PTC film, the PTC characteristics are scientifically achieved by controlling the distance between conducting domains (particles of carbon black mostly) through the designed thermal expansion of the polymeric binder employed in our PTC inks in nano-scale and in quantum fashion.

At a lower temperature (below Tg), the polymer chains are mainly frozen. Their thermal expansion is limited, so the carbon particles are closer to each other which offers high conductivity (low resistivity).

When the temperature increases, polymer chains start to move and stretch and when the temperature approaches its Tg, its expansion increases dramatically, so does the distance between carbon particles, thus as a result, the conductivity quickly decreases (resistivity quickly increases), so does its heating power.

Engineering and Design

The heating PTC film can be simply treated as an intelligent heating element, and its initial resistivity (R0) is expressed in ohm per square (Ω/◊).

Depending on the application, the effective electric resistance (W) of the final heating element can be achieved via outlaying these squares in a designed pattern.

As demonstrated in the figure, the overall heating power is function of N*V2/R0, so it can be easily manipulated by selecting any parameter of applied voltage, the overall number (N) of square in parallel, and the initial resistivity (R0).

Under optimization, the resistivity of our proprietary PTC film is designed to be around 10K (Ω/◊). In this case, each square regardless of its dimension  can be viewed as a resistor of 10K, so the overall heating power can be expressed as P = N*V2/10000.

If a voltage of 110V is applied, then the overall heating power is simply expressed as P110 = 1.21N. That is to say, in a given area of any designed dimension, this PTC film would yield an initial heating power P110 = 1210 Watt if 1000 (N=1000) equivalent squares are patterned in parallel.

Of course, this heating power will automatically adjusted in response to temperature, the lower temperature, the higher the heating power.  In theory, any heating power for a given area can be designed

Printable electronics is an innovative area of technology with great commercial potential.

Printable electronics is an innovative area of technology with great commercial potential.

Here, a screen-printed functional ink, comprising a combination of semiconducting acicular particles, electrically insulating nanoparticles and a base polymer ink, is described that exhibits pronounced pressure sensitive electrical properties for applications in sensing and touch sensitive surfaces.

The combination of these components in the as-printed ink yield a complex structure and a large and reproducible touch pressure sensitive resistance range. In contrast to the case for some composite systems, the resistance changes occur down to applied pressures of 13 Pa.

Current–voltage measurements at fixed pressures show monotonic non-linear behavior, which becomes more Ohmic at higher pressures and in all cases shows some hysteresis. The physical basis for conduction, particularly in the low pressure regime, can be described in terms of field assisted quantum mechanical tunneling.

Printable electronics is now an established area of technology with significant commercial potential in a wide range of application sectors that includes photovoltaics, super capacitors and RFID [1–3].

The development of technologies with electronic functionality that can be mass produced by printing processes has the potential to provide technical benefits, including lighter weight components, and can lead to significant cost benefits from the manufacturing process.

A wide range of materials and functionalities are currently under investigation for printable manufacture, from simple electrically conductive tracks [4], to flexible FETs [5]. An area of growing applications importance is touch sensitive components and surfaces for switching and position sensing.

In its simplest form, touch sensitivity requires some contact-sensitive switching capability. The addition of pressure sensitivity adds a third dimension to conventional two-dimensional touch surface interfaces, providing an additional input parameter based upon the applied force in addition to the surface location.

Functional force and location sensing touch pad technology based upon contact-resistance produced by printing has been demonstrated elsewhere [6, 7]. However, this approach involved additional patterning, through lithographic and printing methods, on top of a resistive layer or with the addition of features to create regular structures that were needed to create the pressure and location sensing capacity [6, 7].

An alternate approach is to develop an ink that is insulating when no pressure is applied, but has an intrinsic pressure sensitive electrical response, allowing direct printing of pressure sensitive components without the need for additional patterning and structures.

In bulk form, pressure sensitive electrically conducting switching composites have been a focus of research for over 50 years [8]. The first conductive composites were composed of metal or other conductive filler powders, such as nickel or carbon black, dispersed within insulating elastomers, such as rubber

Figure 1. (a) Schematic cross section of printed structure for the pressure sensitive test device (not to scale) and (b) photograph showing top view of a printed test device. The force probe is applied to the center of the printed disk.

The variation of conductivity behavior of such composites with filler loading has been described using percolation and effective medium theories, whereby the conductivity of the composite takes a value close to that of the bulk insulating matrix at low filler loading, and rises dramatically at the percolation threshold, a critical filler loading where direct electrical connections form between filler particles throughout the insulating matrix [11].

Such carbon black based conducting composites have been developed as inks for pressure sensing [12]. However, as the composite is loaded above the percolation threshold printed films have a finite start resistance and exhibit an inverse relationship between the starting resistance and pressure sensitivity of the resistive behavior.

Other research has shifted towards composites with filler particles of varying geometries and a wider range of insulating matrices [13–15]. For printing applications the challenge is to develop composite materials with appropriate pressure sensitive electrical behavior coupled with the structural requirements needed for preparation as inks that can be printed using conventional print technologies.

Such composite materials are not uncommon, having been a focus of research for use as conductive tracks and electrodes, chemical sensors and thin film transistors, and often comprise nanoscale conductive filler particles dispersed in a flowing polymer [16–20].

The choice of nanoscale filler particles has enabled the use of ink-jet printing for many of these composite materials; larger particles tend to clog the printer nozzles. This work presents a description of the functional behavior and physical structure of a new type of screen-printed (possible due to the choice of nanoscale filler particles) composite ink with electrical properties that are highly sensitive to applied force.

Investigation of the I–V behavior at constant pressure provides some insight into the physical mechanisms that may be responsible for the pressure sensitive electrical behavior.

LinnStrument with Tangio Printed 3D Force Touch

供应美国进口PTC材料

Henkel PTC Inks Lend New Efficiency, Functionality to Heating Applications

The Electronics Group of Henkel today announced the development and commercial availability of LOCTITE ECI 8000 series printable inks, a line of positive temperature coefficient (PTC) materials ideal for heating applications.

A streamlined replacement to traditional copper wire and printed carbon, Henkel’s PTC materials are enabling new designs for a variety of products that require efficient and adaptable heating functionality.
“Conventional flexible heating has been achieved through the use of wires and carbon inks, which can be cumbersome andchallenging,” explains Todd Williams, Henkel Global Product Manager for Inks and Coatings. “The LOCTITE ECI 8000 materials have exceptionally thin form factors, so can be printed for use within very tight spaces and in infinite patterns to accommodate various architectures.  And, the performance is as impressive as the materials’ design adaptability. They offer the best of both worlds.”
LOCTITE ECI 8000 PTC inks are self-regulating so that the temperature does not rise above its set point. With traditional flexible heating technologies, there is a linear relationship between voltage and temperature, which usually requires a control unit to regulate temperature and a fuse to prevent overheating. LOCTITE ECI 8000 PTC inks, however, have a non-linear relationship between voltage and temperature, ensuring no
overheating and eliminating the need for a fuse and, in some applications, a control unit as well.

Henkel’s unique PTC inks offer numerous benefits including rapid and uniform heating, self-regulation, reduced weight as compared to traditional flexible heating options, and sustainability through environmental stability, long life, lower power consumption and reduced waste. Though application possibilities are endless for Henkel’s PTC ink technology, early success has already been achieved for automotive products such as mirrors and windshields, consumer goods that require condensation control, floor and wall heating and seat heaters, among others.
“Previous flexible heating solutions, while effective to a point, had limitations in terms of space adaptability and consistent heat regulation,” concludes Williams. “Henkel’s PTC inks open up new possibilities for all types of products in terms of design, consumer safety, product longevity and lower costs.”

供应：力敏油墨ECI 7004 HR和ECI 7004 LR

Force Sensitive Inks for Varying Response Levels

Being introduced to show delegates at LOPEC booth #B0 401 and Printed Electronics booth #H06, are Loctite ECI 7004 HR, Loctite ECI 7004 LR and Loctite ECI 7002.  The suite of materials comprises a portfolio of customizable force sensitive inks that offer varying and controllable ranges of electrical resistance based on the required sensitivity level of the application. Henkel’s force sensitive inks are a big leap forward for many products, where traditional designs were developed to accommodate a response to force in general. Now, with the new Loctite materials, varying levels of force alter the material’s conductivity and, therefore, the device’s response. Computer touch pads, medical diagnostic systems, inventory control shelving and containers, music and entertainment devices, as well as industrial products, benefit from force sensitive functionality.

 力敏油墨ECI 7004 HR和ECI 7004 LR组合，ECI 7002材料的套件包括定制的力敏油墨的组合，提供不同可控电阻的范围的基础上应用的所需的灵敏度等级。汉高的力敏油墨的许多产品，其中传统的设计开发，以适应一般的强制响应一个大的飞跃。现在，随着新乐泰材料，不同的力等级改变材料的导电性，因此，该设备的响应。计算机触摸板，医疗诊断系统，库存控制搁架和容器，音乐和娱乐设备，以及工业产品，由力敏感的功能益处。 

供应：力敏油墨ECI 7004 HR和ECI 7004 LR

Force Sensitive Inks for Varying Response Levels

Being introduced to show delegates at LOPEC booth #B0 401 and Printed Electronics booth #H06, are Loctite ECI 7004 HR, Loctite ECI 7004 LR and Loctite ECI 7002.  The suite of materials comprises a portfolio of customizable force sensitive inks that offer varying and controllable ranges of electrical resistance based on the required sensitivity level of the application. Henkel’s force sensitive inks are a big leap forward for many products, where traditional designs were developed to accommodate a response to force in general. Now, with the new Loctite materials, varying levels of force alter the material’s conductivity and, therefore, the device’s response. Computer touch pads, medical diagnostic systems, inventory control shelving and containers, music and entertainment devices, as well as industrial products, benefit from force sensitive functionality.

 力敏油墨ECI 7004 HR和ECI 7004 LR组合，ECI 7002材料的套件包括定制的力敏油墨的组合，提供不同可控电阻的范围的基础上应用的所需的灵敏度等级。汉高的力敏油墨的许多产品，其中传统的设计开发，以适应一般的强制响应一个大的飞跃。现在，随着新乐泰材料，不同的力等级改变材料的导电性，因此，该设备的响应。计算机触摸板，医疗诊断系统，库存控制搁架和容器，音乐和娱乐设备，以及工业产品，由力敏感的功能益处。 

主营LOCTITE，Acheson导电银浆！

主营汉高Acheson胶水，导电银浆！

名  称：汉高乐泰LOCTITE 5031 UV胶水

品  牌: 汉高乐泰Loctite

型  号: 乐泰5031UV胶水

颜  色: 淡黄色半透明液体

粘  度：4000～5500mPa.s

初  固：20s (50 mW/cm2@365 nm)

全  固：250s(mj/㎝2)

硬  度：D75（Shore)

拉  伸：27(Mpa)

剪  切：26(Mpa)

破坏扭矩：23Nm

耐温性能：-40°C至100°C

包装规格：25ml/支,250ml/支,1L/瓶

订单交期：现货（工作日当天交货）

产品特点：提高工作效率

预前处理：粘接面建议使用丙酮或异丙醇(对塑料)清洗，以除去油渍、污渍和灰尘。不可使用低度酒精、汽油或油漆稀释剂。若机械打磨或化学腐蚀已清洗的表面，可获得强度更高、耐 久性更好的粘接效果。

施胶说明：取用适量本品均匀涂覆在待粘接部位。

残留去除：溢出的胶体不会固化，只需擦除即可，也可使用专用清洗剂进行清洗。

固化特性：本品在波长为365nm的紫外线时固化。若需使暴露于空气中的表面完全固化，则需使用250nm波长的紫外光辐射。紫外线固化速率取决于灯泡的强度，光源与胶层的距离，所需固化的深度或胶层间隙，以及基材的透光率。 建议胶粘剂的固化所需紫外线的最小光强为40兆瓦。。

粘结强度：快速固化，中等粘度，最使用于粘结玻璃，同样使用于粘结其它多种材料。

最佳性能：适用于要求较大间隙填充能力(0.25mm)和结合点柔韧的场合，常用于将坚硬和柔韧的PVC粘接到聚碳酸酯上。本品对大多数基材都表现出良好的粘接特性，包括玻璃、部分塑料和常见金属。也适用在电动机平衡装置上。

军标认证：符合美国军标认证。

粘结基材：塑料+金属+玻璃。